How to Perform CPR: A Step-by-Step Guide

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) can double or triple a cardiac arrest victim's chance of survival. The key is acting quickly and following a simple, structured approach. In Australia, we use the DRSABCD action plan.

The DRSABCD Action Plan

How to Give Chest Compressions

Effective chest compressions are the most important part of CPR. Here's how to do them correctly:

• ·Kneel beside the casualty on a firm, flat surface
• ·Place the heel of one hand on the centre of the chest — on the lower half of the breastbone
• ·Place your other hand on top and interlock your fingers
• ·Keep your arms straight and position your shoulders directly over your hands
• ·Press down firmly 5–6 cm (about one third of the chest depth)
• ·Release the pressure fully between compressions, but keep your hands in position
• ·Aim for 100–120 compressions per minute — roughly the beat of "Stayin' Alive" by the Bee Gees

How to Give Rescue Breaths

After every 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths — unless you are unwilling or unable to do so, in which case continue with compressions only (hands-only CPR is better than nothing).

• ·Tilt the head back and lift the chin
• ·Pinch the casualty's nose closed
• ·Take a normal breath (not a deep breath) and seal your lips around their mouth
• ·Breathe out steadily for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise
• ·Remove your mouth, allow the chest to fall, then repeat once more
• ·Return immediately to 30 chest compressions

Using an AED

AEDs (Automated External Defibrillators) are designed to be used by anyone. Turn it on as soon as it is available and follow the voice prompts — the device will guide you through pad placement, analysis, and shock delivery. Minimise interruptions to CPR while attaching the pads. Resume compressions immediately after any shock is delivered.

CPR for Children and Infants

The DRSABCD approach applies to all ages, but the technique differs slightly:

• ·Children (1 year to puberty): use 1 or 2 hands depending on the child's size; compress to one third of the chest depth
• ·Infants (under 1 year): use 2 fingers on the breastbone, just below the nipple line; compress to one third of the chest depth
• ·The compression-to-breath ratio remains 30:2 for all age groups

Reading About CPR Is Not Enough

Research consistently shows that people who read about CPR perform it less effectively than those who have practised on a manikin. The physical feedback of correct compression depth and rate is something you can only develop through hands-on practice. ANZCOR recommends CPR skills are refreshed every 12 months.